Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
How to Calculate Descriptive Statistics for Variables in SPSS
The best way to understand a dataset is to calculate descriptive statistics for the variables within the dataset. There are three common forms of...
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
How to Calculate Mahalanobis Distance in SPSS
The Mahalanobis distance is the distance between two points in a multivariate space. It’s often used to find outliers in statistical analyses that involve several variables.
This...
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
How to Calculate a Five Number Summary in SPSS
A five number summary is a way to summarize a dataset using the following five values:
The minimum
The first quartile
The median
The third quartile
The maximum
The five number summary...
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
How to Calculate the Coefficient of Variation in SPSS
The coefficient of variation is a way to measure how spread out values are in a dataset relative to the mean. It is calculated as:
Coefficient of...
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
How to Calculate Z-Scores in SPSS
A z-score tells us how many standard deviations away a given value is from the mean. The z-score of a given value is calculated as:
z-score = (x...
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
How to Identify Outliers in SPSS
An outlier is an observation that lies abnormally far away from other values in a dataset. Outliers can be problematic because they can effect the results...
Correlation & Covariance in SPSS
How to Create a Covariance Matrix in SPSS
Covariance is a measure of how changes in one variable are associated with changes in a second variable. Specifically, it’s a measure of the degree...
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